added more strings and todos

src/string.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 // when a String is passed to this function a move occurs:
 // BUT only the stack allocation (ptr, len, cap) is copied over
@@ -10,6 +11,8 @@ fn takes_string(_s: String) {
 
 }
 
+// You can do this, but you probably want &str
+// UNLESS you want `&mut String`
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 fn takes_string_ref(_s: &String) {
 
@@ -27,7 +30,7 @@ fn takes_string_ref(_s: &String) {
 // Why is this a problem?
 // rust doesn't know how much space to allocate for the variable
 //
-// str inactuality is the raw (UTF-8) bytes, not a container
+// str in actuality is the raw (UTF-8) bytes, not a container
 // fn takes_str(s: str) { }
 
 // this is fine because now the variable is a fat pointer: pointer + length
@@ -42,42 +45,75 @@ fn _get_static_str() -> &'static str {
     "hello"
 }
 
-#[test]
+// The #[cfg(test)] annotation on the tests module tells Rust to compile
-fn test_string() {
+// and run the test code only when you run cargo test, not when you run cargo build
-    let s = String::new(); // no heap allocation until we add characters (capacity > 0)
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*; // need access to functions above
 
-    // let s_r: str; // ERROR: size not known at compile time
+    #[test]
-    let _s_rr: &str; // allowed
+    fn test_string() {
-    let _s_rrr: &String; // allowed
+        let s = String::new(); // no heap allocation until we add characters (capacity > 0)
 
-    takes_string_ref(&s);
+        // let s_r: str; // ERROR: size not known at compile time
-    takes_string_ref(&s); // works because the string was not moved in first call
+        let _s_rr: &str; // allowed
+        let _s_rrr: &String; // allowed
 
-    let ss = String::from("1"); // one heap allocation!
+        takes_string_ref(&s);
-    takes_string(ss); // move occurs here
+        takes_string_ref(&s); // works because the string was not moved in first call
-    // takes_string(ss); // ERROR: use of moved value here
-    // takes_string_ref(&ss); // ERROR: borrow of moved value here
 
-    let sss = String::new();
+        let ss = String::from("1"); // one heap allocation!
-    // deref coersion:
+        takes_string(ss); // move occurs here
-    // because String implements the trait Deref<Target = str>
+        // takes_string(ss); // ERROR: use of moved value here
-    takes_str_ref(&sss);
+        // takes_string_ref(&ss); // ERROR: borrow of moved value here
-    // *sss dereferences the String into its underlying str
-    takes_str_ref(&*sss); // same as this!
-    takes_str_ref(sss.as_ref()); // and this! 
 
-    let s4 = String::from("string4");
+        let sss = String::new();
-    //let s4_slice = s4[0..]; // again we hit no size problem at compile time
+        // deref coersion:
-    let _s4_slice = &s4[0..]; // but this works, because the &str has the length! 
+        // because String implements the trait Deref<Target = str>
+        takes_str_ref(&sss);
+        // *sss dereferences the String into its underlying str
+        takes_str_ref(&*sss); // same as this!
+        takes_str_ref(sss.as_ref()); // and this! 
 
-    // literals
+        let s4 = String::from("string4");
-    // &'static str is held onto by &str:
+        //let s4_slice = s4[0..]; // again we hit no size problem at compile time
-    // that's the programs read-only binary
+        let _s4_slice = &s4[0..]; // but this works, because the &str has the length! 
-    let s_lit = "easy as pie, right?";
-    let _s_lit2 : &str = "easy as pie, right?"; // same, data not copied, we just point to it
-    let _s5 = String::from("literal is copied to heap"); // data copied to heap
-    let _s6 = String::from(s_lit); //underlying data copied to heap
 
-    // todo: Cow
+        // literals
+        // &'static str is held onto by &str:
+        // that's the programs read-only binary
+        let s_lit = "easy as pie, right?";
+        let _s_lit2 : &str = "easy as pie, right?"; // same, data not copied, we just point to it
+        let _s5 = String::from("literal is copied to heap"); // data copied to heap
+        let _s6 = String::from(s_lit); //underlying data copied to heap
+
+        // Box<str> is owned, heap allocated, fixed size, immutable
+        // where as `&str` is borrowed view, linked to source, immutable
+        // both have (ptr, len) -> underlying mem
+        let _s7 : Box<str> = "hello".into();
+
+        // Rc<str> (single-threaded reference counting)
+        // HEAP memory layout:
+        // * counter (strong)
+        // * counter (weak) 
+        // * len
+        // * data
+        // STACK memory:
+        // * ptr
+        // * len
+        //
+        // Why are there two lengths?
+        let rc_str : Rc<str> = Rc::from("rc_str");
+        // let rc_str2 : Rc<str> = rc_str; // this moves
+        let rc_str2 : Rc<str> = rc_str.clone(); // copy ptr, increment counter
+        println!("printing {}", rc_str);
+        println!("printing {}", rc_str);
+        println!("printing {}", rc_str2);
+
+        // todo: Arc<str>
+        // todo: Cow
+        // todo: byte strings: &[u8] and Vec<u8>
+        // todo: Os & platform strings: OsStr & OsString, Path & PathBuf
+        // todo: ffi strings: CString & CStr
+    }
 }
-